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小 发表于 2007-12-28 00:38 只看该作者
10座最令人惊叹的失落古城
Lost Cities were real, prosperous, well-populated areas of human habitation that fell into terminal decline and whose location was later lost. Most lost cities are found, and have been studied extensively by scientists. Here's our list of the 10 most amazing lost cities in the world.
这些失落的古城都真实存在过，它们曾是繁荣、人口兴旺的人类居住地，最终走向衰败，而其具体位置也不再为人所知。多数失落的古城都被科学家发现并进行了广泛的研究。本文中我们仅列出世界上10个最奇异的失落古城。
MACHU PICCHU (Peru): The Lost City of the Incas
马丘比丘（MACHU PICCHU，秘鲁）：印加人的失落古城
Machu Picchu ("Old Peak") is a pre-Columbian Inca city located at 2,430 m (7,970 ft) altitude on a mountain ridgeabove the Urubamba Valley in Peru, near Cusco. Machu Picchu is probably the most familiar symbol of the Inca Empire. It is often referred to as "The Lost City of the Incas". The site was designated as a World Heritage Site in 1983 when it was described as "an absolute masterpiece of architecture and a unique testimony to the Inca civilization".
马丘比丘又称“古老的山巅”（Old Peak）是哥伦布发现美洲大陆以前的印加古城，位于秘鲁印加圣谷（Urubamba Valley）之上的海拔2430米的山脉之上，靠近库斯科。马丘比丘可能是印加政权最为人所知的象征，常被称为“印加失落的古城”。这里于1983年被认定为世界历史遗址，被描述为“完美的建筑杰作和印加文明的独特证明”。
Machu Picchu was constructed around 1450, at the height of the Inca empire, and was abandoned less than 100 years later, as the empire collapsed under Spanish conquest. Although the citadel is located only about 50 miles from Cusco, the Inca capital, it was never found and destroyed by the Spanish, as were many other Inca sites. Over the centuries, the surrounding jungle grew to enshroud the site, and few knew of its existence. In 1911, Yale historian and explorer Hiram Bingham brought the "lost" city to the world's attention. Bingham and others hypothesized that the citadel was the traditional birthplace of the Inca people or the spiritual center of the "virgins of the sun," while curators of a recent exhibit have speculated that Machu Picchu was a royal retreat.
马丘比丘建于1450年前后，与印加王国在相同高度上，在之后的不到100年时间里，西班牙的入侵导致了帝国的瓦解，这座古城也成为废墟，遭到了遗弃。虽然这座古城距印加首都库斯科仅50英里远，但它并没像其他印加地区一样，被西班牙人发现并毁坏。几个世纪以来，周围的丛林不断生长，将此遗址遮住，这样就极少有人知道它的存在了。1911年，耶鲁历史学家及探险家海拉姆•宾厄姆（Hiram Bingham）让此“失落的”城市得到了世界的关注。宾厄姆和其他人猜测，这一遗址是印加人民传统的出生地，或者是“太阳的处女”的精神中心，而最近一件收藏品的所有者推测，马丘比丘是皇室的避难所。
ANGKOR (Cambodia): Contains the world's largest religious monument
吴哥（ANGKOR，柬埔寨）：有世界最大的宗教遗址
Angkor served as the seat of the Khmer empire that flourished from approximately the 9th century to the 15th century A.D. More precisely, the Angkorian period may be defined as the period from 802 A.D., when the Khmer Hindu monarch Jayavarman II declared himself the "universal monarch" and "god-king" of Cambodia, until 1431 A.D., when Thai invaders sacked the Khmer capital, causing its population to migrate south to the area of Phnom Penh.
吴哥是高棉王朝代首都，该王朝兴盛于约公元9世纪至15世纪。更精确的说，吴哥时代的界定可始于公元802年，这一年高棉印度教君主阇耶跋摩二世（Jayavarman II）自立为柬埔寨的“宇宙之王”和“神王”，止于公元1431年，这一年暹罗入侵者入侵了高棉首都，致使其人民向南移至金边地区。
The ruins of Angkor are located amid forests and farmland to the north of the Great Lake (Tonle Sap) and south of the Kulen Hills, near modern day Siem Reap (13°24'N, 103°51'E), and are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The temples of the Angkor area number over one thousand, ranging in scale from nondescript piles of brick rubble scattered through rice fields to the magnificent Angkor Wat, said to be the world's largest single religious monument. Many of the temples at Angkor have been restored, and together they comprise the most significant site of Khmer architecture. Visitor numbers approach one million annually.
吴哥废墟位于大湖（洞里萨湖，Tonle Sap）以北及库廊山（Kulen Hills）以南的丛林和农田中，靠近现如今的暹粒（Siem Reap，13°24'N, 103°51'E），是联合国教科文组织评选的世界遗产。吴哥地区的寺庙有上千个，其规模从散落在稻田中由碎石块砌成的不知名建筑，到被称为世界最大的单独宗教遗址的宏伟壮观的吴哥寺。吴哥的很多寺庙都已被重建，并且它们形成了高棉地区最重要的地点。每年游客数量接近一百万。
In 2007 an international team of researchers using satellite photographs and other modern techniques concluded that Angkor had been the largest preindustrial city in the world with an urban sprawl of 1,150 square miles. The closest rival to Angkor, the Mayan city of Tikal in Guatemala, was roughly 50 square miles in total size.
2007年，一个世界性的研究小组利用卫星照片和其它现代技术得出了这一结论：吴哥城市扩张达1150公里，它已成为世界上最大的工业化前的城市。吴哥的劲敌，危地马拉提卡尔的玛雅城，其总面积大概为50平方英里。
MEMPHIS (Egypt): ancient capital of Egypt
孟斐斯（MEMPHIS，埃及）：埃及古都
Memphis was the ancient capital of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and of the Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until around 2200 BC and later for shorter periods during the New Kingdom, and an administrative centre throughout ancient history. Its Ancient Egyptian name was Ineb Hedj ("The White Walls"). The name "Memphis" is the Greek deformation of the Egyptian name of Pepi I's (6th dynasty) pyramid, Men-nefer, which became Menfe in Coptic. According to Herodotus, the city was founded around 3100 BC by Menes, who united the two kingdoms of Egypt.
孟斐斯是下埃及（Lower Egypt）第一个省的古都，自古王国建立伊始到大约公元前2200年，后在新王国延续了很短一段时间，作为行政中心贯穿古代历史。孟斐斯的古埃及名为 Ineb Hedj（“白色的墙”）。“孟斐斯”（Memphis）这个名字则来源于“佩皮一世（Pepi I，第六王朝）金字塔”的埃及名称Men-nefer的希腊语变体，而Men-nefer在埃及古语中变为Menfe。根据希罗多德（Herodotus）的说法，该城建于公元前3100年左右，其创建者是统一了埃及两个王国的美尼斯王。
Estimates of population size differ widely. According to T. Chandlerm, Memphis had some 30,000 inhabitants and was by far the largest settlement worldwide from the time of its foundation until around 2250 BC and from 1557 to 1400 BC. Memphis reached a peak of prestige under the 6th Dynasty as a centre of the cult of Ptah. It declined briefly after the 18th Dynasty with the rise of Thebes and was revived under the Persian satraps before falling firmly into second place following the foundation of Alexandria. Under the Roman Empire, Alexandria remained the most important city and Memphis remained the second city of Egypt until the establishment of Fustat (or Fostat) in 641. It was then largely abandoned and became a source of stone for the surrounding settlements. It was still an imposing set of ruins in the 12th century but soon became little more than an expanse of low ruins and scattered stone. The remains of the temple of Ptah and of Apis have been uncovered at the site as well as a few statues, including two four-metre ones in alabaster of Ramesses II. The Saqqara necropolis is close to Memphis.
对其人口多寡的估计众说纷纭。根据T.钱德勒姆（T. Chandlerm）的说法，孟斐斯有三万居民，自其建立至公元前2250年，以及公元前1557至1400年间，这里已成为世界上最大的定居地。孟斐斯在第六王国时期作为卜塔祭祀的中心，达到了声誉的顶峰。在18世纪之后，随着底比斯的兴起，孟斐斯经历了短暂的衰落时期，随后在波斯总督的领导下又再度复兴，在亚历山大城建立之后，退居其后。在罗马大帝统治时期，亚历山大城成为埃及最重要的城市，孟斐斯位列第二，直到641年福斯塔城（Fustat或 Fostat）的建立。那时候孟斐斯大部分都被遗弃，并成为了周围城池的石料供应源地。在12世纪，它仍是壮丽的遗址，但不久之后就成了废墟和散石场。卜塔和神牛（Apis）神殿的遗迹与其他一些雕像一起，包括2座4米高的拉美西斯二世（Ramesses II）的雪花石膏雕像都被掩埋于地下。塞加拉墓地离孟菲斯很近。
PETRA: stone structures carved into rocks
佩特拉城（PETRA）：构筑于岩石之上的石雕建筑
Petra ("Rock") lies on the slope of Mount Hor (Jordan) in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Arabah (Wadi Araba), the large valley running from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. It is famous for having many stone structures carved into the rock. The long-hidden site was revealed to the Western world by the Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt in 1812. It was famously described as "a rose-red city half as old as time" in a Newdigate prize-winning sonnet by John William Burgon. Burgon had not actually visited Petra, which remained accessible only to Europeans accompanied by local guides with armed escorts until after World War I. The site was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985 when it was described as "one of the most precious cultural properties of man's cultural heritage."
佩特拉（又称“岩石”，“Rock”）位于群山腹地的何珥山（Mount Hor，约旦）的斜坡上，这些群山形成了亚拉巴（Arabah）东部的山侧（亚拉巴谷，Wadi Araba），从死海流向亚喀巴湾的巨大山谷。佩特拉因其岩石上的石雕建筑而著名。此遗址隐匿多年，在1812年被瑞士探险家布尔克哈特（Johann Ludwig Burckhardt）发现，并在西方世界公之于众。纽迪吉特奖得主约翰•威廉•柏根（John William Burgon）曾在其获奖的十四行诗中进行过这样著名的描述：它是“玫瑰色的城市，年代有历史的一半那么久远”。柏根实际上从没到过佩特拉，只有一战后由当地导游做向导，武装护卫保护的欧洲人到过那里。这一遗址在1985年被联合国教科文组织评委世界遗产，当时被描述为“人类文化遗产中最宝贵的文化财产之一”。
Enclosed by towering rocks and watered by a perennial stream, Petra not only possessed the advantages of a fortress but controlled the main commercial routes which passed through it to Gaza in the west, to Bosra and Damascus in the north, to Aqaba and Leuce Come on the Red Sea, and across the desert to the Persian Gulf. Petra's decline came rapidly under Roman rule, in large part due to the revision of sea-based trade routes. In 363 an earthquake destroyed buildings and crippled the vital water management system. The ruins of Petra were an object of curiosity in the Middle Ages and were visited by the Sultan Baibars of Egypt towards the close of the 13th century. The first European to describe them was Johann Ludwig Burckhardt in 1812.
佩特拉由高耸的岩石和终年不息的溪流环绕，它不只具有要塞的优势，还控制着经过佩特拉到西边的加沙，北边到达布斯拉和大马士革，在红海到达亚喀巴湾和 Leuce Come，穿过沙漠到达波斯湾。佩特拉在罗马统治下迅速衰败，很大程度上是因为，基于海上的贸易路线有所改变。在363年，地震毁掉了建筑和人们赖以生存的水源管理系统。佩特拉遗址在中世纪引起人们的好奇，在临近13世纪的时候，埃及苏丹拜巴尔拜访此地。布尔克哈特于1812年到达此地，是第一个描述该城的欧洲人。
PALMYRA (Syria): the Bride of the Desert
帕尔米拉（PALMYRA，叙利亚）沙漠新娘
Palmyra was in the ancient times an important city of central Syria. It has long been a vital caravan city for travellers crossing the Syrian desert and was known as the Bride of the Desert. The earliest documented mention of the city by its pre-Semitic name Tadmor, Tadmur or Tudmur, is recorded in Babylonian tablets found in Mari. Though the ancient site fell into disuse after the 16th century, it is still known as Tadmor and there is a small newer settlement next to the ruins of the same name.
在古代，帕尔米拉是叙利亚中部的一个重要城市。这里是旅行者穿越叙利亚沙漠的必经之地，因其名“沙漠新娘”而著称。早期史料提到了该城的前闪族语名，即泰德穆尔（Tadmor、Tadmur或Tudmur），在马里（Mari）发现的巴比伦石板上有所记载。尽管这一古城在16世纪之后不复使用，但人们仍然记得泰德穆尔，在紧邻遗址的地方，有一个新的居住地同样采用了这个名字。
In the mid-first century, Palmyra, a wealthy and elegant city located along the caravan routes linking Persia with the Mediterranean ports of Roman Syria and Phoenicia, came under Roman control. During the following period of great prosperity, the Arab citizens of Palmyra adopted customs and modes of dress from both the Iranian Parthian world to the east and the Graeco-Roman west. Tadmor is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (Second Book of Chronicles 8:4) as a desert city built by the King Solomon of Judea, the son of David. Palmyra was made part of the Roman province of Syria during the reign of Tiberius (14–37). It steadily grew in importance as a trade route linking Persia, India, China, and the Roman empire. In 634 the first Muslims arrived in Palmyra. The city was taken by the Muslim Arabs under Khalid ibn Walid in 636. In the 6th century, Fakhreddine al Maany castle was built on top of a mountain overlooking the oasis. The castle was surrounded by a moat, with access only available through a drawbridge. The city of Palmyra was kept intact. After year 800, people started abandoning the city.
帕尔米拉在中世纪是一个富庶、优雅的城市，位于沙漠商道上，连接波斯与罗马叙利亚和腓尼基的地中海港口，受罗马控制。在繁荣过后的岁月里，帕尔米拉的阿拉伯市民承袭了东方的伊朗帕提亚和西方的希腊罗马的风俗和衣着方式。在希伯来圣经中（历代记8:4第二卷）对泰德穆尔有所提及，这里说它是由大卫之子，朱迪亚的所罗门王筑起的沙漠城市。在台比留（14-37）统治期间，帕尔米拉成为了叙利亚罗马省份的一部分。帕尔米拉作为贸易要道，连接波斯、印度、中国和罗马帝国的地位日趋重要。在634年，第一批穆斯林来到帕尔米拉。在636年，在哈利德•伊本•瓦立德（Khalid ibn Walid）统治时期，该城被穆斯林阿拉伯人占领。在6世纪，法克雷丁•玛尼（Fakhreddine al Maany）城堡建诸于山上，俯瞰这个绿洲。城堡被护城河环绕，只有通过吊桥才能进入。帕尔米拉城完好无损的保存下来。公元800年之后，人们才渐渐遗弃这个古城。
POMPEII (Italy): buried by the volcano
庞培（POMPEII，意大利）掩埋于火山之下
Along with Herculaneum, this Roman city near modern Naples was destroyed and completely buried during a catastrophic eruption of the volcano Mount Vesuvius spanning two days on 24 August year 79. The volcano collapsed higher roof-lines and buried Pompeii under many meters of ash and pumice, and it was lost for nearly 1700 years before its accidental rediscovery in 1748.
与赫库兰尼姆城一样，这座靠近那不勒斯的罗马城市也在维苏威火山灾难性的爆发中毁于一旦并长埋于地下，维苏威火山于公元79年8月24日爆发，持续了2 天。火山使得城内建筑坍塌，并将庞培城掩埋于数米深的灰烬和轻石之下。这座古城消失了近1700年，于1748年偶然间被再度发现。
Since then, its excavation has provided an extraordinarily detailed insight into the life of a city at the height of the Roman Empire. Today, it is one of the most popular tourist attractions of Italy and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
自那时起，对其的挖掘已经提供了一份非常详细的资料，供我们了解罗马帝国时代一个城市的生活状况。如今这里成为意大利最著名的旅游胜地之一，已经归为联合国教科文组织世界遗产。
PALENQUE (Mexico): one of Mayan's most exquisite cities
帕伦克（PALENQUE，墨西哥）：玛雅最优雅的城市之一
Palenque is an ancient Maya city near the Usumacinta River in the Mexican state of Chiapas. It contains some of the finest architecture, sculpture, roof comb and bas-relief carvings the Maya produced. The ancient Mayan city of Palenque, with its superb jungle setting and exquisite architecture and decoration, is one of the marvels of Mexico. First occupied around 100 BC, it flourished from about 600 to 700 AD, and what a glorious century that was. The city rose to prominence under Pakal, a club-footed king who reigned from 615 to 683 AD, represented by hieroglyphs of sun and shield, he is also referred to as Sun Shield or White Macaw. During Pakal's reign, many plazas and buildings, including the superlative Templo de las Inscripciones (his Mausoleum), were constructed in Palenque, characterized by very fine stucco bas-reliefs.
帕伦克是古代玛雅城市，靠近墨西哥恰帕斯州的乌苏马辛塔河（Usumacinta River）。这里有一些由玛雅人制造的最美的建筑、雕像、条脊和浅浮雕作品。帕伦克这座古老的玛雅古城，凭借其华丽的丛林和高雅典建筑和装潢，成为了墨西哥的一个奇迹。该城于公元前100年左右被首次占领，在约公元600-700年间繁荣昌盛，在那个世纪显赫荣耀。在巴加尔（Pakal）的统治之下走向鼎盛时期。巴加尔是位畸形足皇帝，他在公元615年至683年间统治这里，他在象形文字中以太阳和盾表示，他也被视为是“太阳盾”或“白色金刚鹦鹉”。在巴加尔统治时期，在帕伦克成兴建了很多广场和建筑，包括最高的“碑铭神庙”（Templo de las Inscripciones，他的陵墓），这些建筑共同的特色是精致的灰泥浅浮雕。
Pakal's son Chan-Bahlum II continued Palenque's political and economic expansion and the development of its art and architecture and presided over the construction of the Grupo de la Cruz temples, placing sizable narrative stone stelae within each. One can see the influence of Palenque's architecture in the Mayan city of Tikal. The rival Mayan city of Toniná's hostility was perhaps the major factor in Palenque's precipitous decline after Chan-Bahlum II's death in 702. Sources speak of a devastating Toniná attack on Palenque in 730. After the 10th century Palenque was largely abandoned. In an area that receives the heaviest rainfall in Mexico, the ruins lay undiscovered until the 18th century. Frans Blom, an early-to-mid-20th century investigator remarked: 'The first visit to Palenque is immensely impressive. When one has lived there for some time this ruined city becomes an obsession.'
巴加尔的儿子强•巴鲁姆二世（Chan-Bahlum II）延续了帕伦克的政治和经济扩张，继续发展艺术和建筑，并主持修建了几座神庙建筑，每一座都有一块体积庞大的石柱碑文。你可以看到帕伦科建筑对玛雅提卡尔城的影响。托尼那的敌对可能是在强•巴鲁姆二世于702年去世后，帕伦克极速衰落的主要原因。有资料显示托尼那于730年对帕伦克进行了全面进攻。在 10世纪之后，帕伦克大部分地区都被遗弃了。这片遗址在墨西哥一个雨量最重的地区，被埋在了地下，直到18世纪才再次被人发现。20世纪前半叶的调查者弗朗斯•布隆（Frans Blom）评论道：“第一次访问帕伦克的时候，这里给我留下了深刻的印象。如果有人在这片废墟里住过一段时间，他就会对这里着迷。”
VIJAYANAGAR (India): capital of one of the largest Hindu empires
维查耶纳伽尔（VIJAYANAGAR，印度）：印度最大的帝国之一的首都
Vijayanagar, the capital of one of the largest Hindu empires ever, was founded by Sangama dynasty princes Harihara and Bukka in 1336. Its power peaked under Krishnadevaraya (1509-29), when it controlled nearly the whole of the peninsula south of the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers. Comparable to Delhi in the 14th century, the city, with an estimated population of half a million, covered 33 sq km and was surrounded by several concentric lines of fortification. Its wealth derived from the control of spice trade and the cotton industry. Its busy bazaars, described by travelers such as Portuguese Nunez and Paes, were centers of international commerce. The empire collapsed after the battle of Talikota in 1565 when the city was ransacked by the confederacy of Deccan sultans (Bidar, Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmednagar and Berar), thus opening up southern India for Muslim conquest.
维查耶纳伽尔是印度最大的帝国之一的首都，它由桑伽马王朝的王子哈利哈拉（Harihara）和布卡（Bukka）于1336年建立。该政权在克利须那德瓦拉亚（Krishnadevaraya，1509-29）的统治下达到顶峰，当时它几乎控制了克利须那河和栋格珀德拉（Tungabhadra）河的整个南部半岛。估计该城有50万人口，面积33平方千米，周围环绕着几条发散的防御工事，这与14世纪的德里有相似之处。其财富来源于对香料贸易和棉花业的控制。这里的旅行者如葡萄牙的努奈兹（Nunez）和佩斯（Paes）称其为热闹集市，这里是国际商业中心。在1565年塔里寇达（Talikota）战役之后，此政权随即垮台，当时城市遭到了德干苏丹（Deccan sultans）的同盟军的洗劫（比德尔Bidar、比贾布尔Bijapur、戈尔康达Golconda、阿美纳伽Ahmednagar、贝拉尔 Berar），至此南印度被穆斯林征服。
The ruins are set in a strange and beautiful boulder strewn landscape with an almost magical quality. The undisputed highlight, the 16th century Vittala Temple, is a World Heritage Monument. Started by Krishnadevaraya, it was never finished or consecrated; its incredible sculptural work is the pinnacle of Vijayanagar art. The outer pillars are known as musical pillars as they reverberate when tapped. An ornate stone chariot in the temple courtyard containing an image of Garuda.
此废墟设在一处奇特又美丽、有巨砾散落的地方，品质令人不可思议。16世纪的魏塔拉寺庙尤为突出，它相当于世界遗产纪念碑。这座寺庙始建于克利须那德瓦拉亚时代，但它从未完工也从未用作祭祀；其令人难以置信的雕刻工艺达到了维查耶纳伽尔艺术的顶峰。外部的柱子以音乐柱闻名，轻轻敲击即可发出回声。寺庙庭院中的一架石头战车上面还雕刻着揭路荼（Garuda）的图案。
EPHESUS (Turkey): one of the most important cities of early Christianity
以弗所（EPHESUS，土耳其）：基督教早期最重要的城市之一
Ephesus was an Ionian Greek city in ancient Anatolia, founded by colonists from Athens in the 10th century BC. The city was located in Ionia, where the Cayster River (Küçük Menderes) flows into the Aegean Sea, and was part of the Panionian League. Ephesus hosted one of the seven churches of Asia, addressed in the Book of Revelation (2:1–7). It is also the site of a large Gladiator graveyard.
以弗所在古代安纳托利亚（Anatolia）是一座爱奥尼亚（Ionian）希腊城市，在公元前10世纪由雅典殖民者建立。该城坐落于爱奥尼亚，基士特河口（Cayster River，Küçük Menderes）从这里流向爱琴海（Aegean Sea），也是帕尼欧尼亚同盟的一部分。以弗所主持亚洲七个教堂之一，这一点在《启示录》（2:1-7）中有所提到。这里也有一大片格斗者的墓地。
Ephesus was an important center for early Christianity. Paul used it as a base. He became embroiled in a dispute with artisans, whose livelihood depended on the Temple of Artemis there (Acts 19:23–41), and wrote 1 Corinthians from Ephesus. Later Paul wrote to the Christian community at Ephesus.
以弗所是早期基督教的重要中心。保尔将其用作基地。他卷入了一项与工匠们的纠纷中，这些工匠靠阿耳特弥斯寺庙为生（《使徒行传》19:23–41），并在以弗所写出了《哥林多前书》（1 Corinthians）。之后保尔写信给以弗所的基督教会。
SANCHI (India): the best-preserved group of Buddhist monuments
桑吉（SANCHI，印度）：佛教纪念碑群保存最完好的城市
A UNESCO world heritage site in central India near the Betwa River, Sanchi is on a flat-topped sandstone hill, 90m above the countryside, and stands the best-preserved group of Buddhist monuments in India. Most noteworthy is the Great Stupa, discovered in 1818. It was probably begun by the emperor Asoka in the mid-3rd century BCE and later enlarged. Solid throughout, it is enclosed by a massive stone railing pierced by four gateways on which are elaborate carvings depicting the life of the Buddha.
桑吉是联合国教科文组织评选的世界遗产，该城位于印度中部靠近拜特瓦河的平顶砂岩山上，高出村落90米，是印度佛教纪念碑群保存最完好的地方。最值得一提的是桑吉大塔，它于1818年被世人发现。这座塔可能于公元前3世纪中期由阿育王（emperor Asoka）开始建造，之后又有所扩建。塔身坚固，附上了一条用大石砌成的栏杆，连通4个门，上面有精美的雕刻描绘了佛祖的生活。
The stupa itself consists of a base bearing a hemispherical dome representing the dome of heaven enclosing the Earth; it is surmounted by a squared rail unit, the world mountain, from which rises a mast to symbolize the cosmic axis. The mast bears umbrellas that represent the various heavens. Other remains include several smaller stupas, an assembly hall (caitya), an Asokan pillar with inscription, and several monasteries (4th–11th cent. CE). Several relic baskets and more than 400 epigraphical records have also been discovered
佛塔本身由一个基座支撑一个半球形的穹顶，这代表天穹笼罩大地。其上竖着栏杆，排成了正方形，上有一桅杆象征宇宙之轴。杆上串连伞盖，表示几重天。其他遗迹还包括几座稍小的佛塔，一座聚会厅（支提caitya），一个有碑铭的阿育王石柱，几座修道院（公元 4–11世纪）。同时也发现了几个遗物篮子和400多个碑文记录。
[ 本帖最后由 tangtt 于 2007-12-28 00:40 编辑 ]
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