词的构成
(三)词的构成方法
3、转类法(conversion/functionalshift)
1)定义
不改变词的形态,只是使词从一种词类转化为另一种词类,从而使该词具有新的意义和作用,成为一个新词,这种构词方法叫做转类法。也叫零位后缀派生法(derivation by zero suffix
)。如:
the smoke from the chimney
→ The chimney smokes.
→ He smokes a pipe.
→ Let’s have a smoke.
2)转成动词
(1
)名词→
动词。R. Quirk
把转成动词与原来名词的语义关系分成七种类型。
ⅰ to put in / on N
,这类动词表示“
方位”
,大多来自指地方、建筑、容器类的名词。如:
to cage, to bottle, to garage, to pocket, tocorner, etc.
ⅱto give N, to provide with N
,如:
to shelter, to fuel, to man, to arm, togrease, etc.
ⅲto deprive of N
,如:
to core, to skin, to peel, to juice, to dust,etc.
ⅳto … with N
,这一类动词表示“
工具”
,大多来自指人体各部分的名词,或者来自指工具的名词。如:
to hand, to finger, to hammer, to brake, toshoulder, etc.
ⅴto be / act as N with respect to
,这一类动词表示名词所指的人或动物的典型动作,来自人称名词和动物名词,有很强的隐喻意义。如:
to nurse, to monkey, to father, to ape, todog, to wolf, etc.
ⅵto make / change … into N
,如:
to ripple, to fool, to knight, to orphan, towidow, etc.
ⅶto send / go by N
,如:
to ship, to bicycle, to telegram, to boat, tomail, etc.
(2
)形容词→
动词。形容词转化成动词意义比较简单,多半表示状态的变化。
ⅰ
这一类动词大多既可用作及物动词,表示“to make … adjective”
,又可用作不及物动词,表示“to become adjective”
。如:
to dry, to narrow, to dim, to dirty, tosmooth, to empty, etc.
ⅱ
有的形容词只能转化为及物动词。如:
to bare, to free, to blind, to humble, etc.
ⅲ
个别形容词转化成动词,表示以某种姿态、方式去做某事。如:
to brave, to rough, etc.
(3
)其它词类
→
动词。
ⅰ
副词
→
动词,如:
to yes, to further, to near, to up, to down,to out, etc.
ⅱ
连接词
→
动词,如:
to but (But me no buts!
别老是跟我‘
但是’
、‘
但是’
的!), etc.
ⅲ
介词
→
动词,如:
to round, etc.
ⅳ
感叹词
→
动词,如:
to encore, to hurrah, to shoo, to shush, etc.
3)转成名词
(1
)动词
→
名词。转化而成的名词主要来自动词,来自动词的名词大多表示原来的动作或状态。如eats, doubt, smell, desire, want,attempt, hit, laugh,
等等。而这些名词又往往和to have, to take, to give
和to make
等动词连用,表示短暂的或者一次性的动作。如:
to have a look, to take a walk, to give acry, to make a guess, etc.
从语义角度来看,来自动词的名词还可以指动作的执行者、动作的结果、做动作的工具、动作的地点。
ⅰ
表示动作的执行者的转成名词,除了几个指从事某种动作的人(如cook, coach, lookout, home help
)以外,其它都带有贬义,指令人鄙视、讨厌的人或物(如bore, cheat, flirt, scold, sneak
)。
ⅱ
表示结果的转成名词有import, a catch, a find, a reply, a reject,
等等。
ⅲ
表示工具的转成名词有a catch, a cover, a cure, a wrap,
等等。
ⅳ
表示地点的转成名词有a dump, a pass, a divide, a turn, a retreat,a hide-out,
等等。
(2
)形容词
→
名词。这比较常见,可以分为两种情况,即完全转化和部分转化。
ⅰ
完全转化的名词往往具有名词的一切语法特征,可以加-s
变成复数,加-’s
变为所有格,也可以受形容词修饰。如:native
two natives, the native’s language, areturned native, etc.
ⅱ
部分转化的名词不具有名词的所有特点,一般在前面带有定冠词,总是作为复数表示一个整体。如:
the poor, the sick, the wealthy, thesublime, the impossible, etc.
(3
)其它词类
→
名词。为数不多,而且往往只用在某些固定短语中,如:
the haves and have-nots, the dosand don’ts, ins and outs, pros and cons, ifs and buts, ifs and therefores, howsand whys, a must, also-ran, has-been, in, out, down, etc.
4)转成形容词
(1
)名词
→
形容词。如:
killershark, drug addict, impulse buying, a member state, a recipient country, etc.
Note: bankruptcy / bankrupt lawyer,economy / economic measure, efficiency / efficient worker, obesity / obesespecialist, etc.
(2
)介词短语
→
形容词。如:
Bans of
over-the-counter drugs havetrickled out of the FDA since 1972.
The public may seem to abhor this
out-of-controlmedia, but mainstream Americastill cannot seem to stop watching or reacting the stuff.
The three thus form a patently
up-to-the-minutetrio.
(3
)其它短语
→
形容词。如:
Menem’ssteady 49 percent approval rating is surprising given his
take-no-prisonerseconomic reform.
In the US,
right-to-dielegislation has been introduced in at least 15 states.
4、缩略法(Abbreviationor Shortening)
英语缩略词形式较为繁杂,主要有四种:截短词(Clipped words
)、首字母缩略词(Initialism
)、首字母拼音词(Acronym
)和拼缀词(Blend
)。
1)截短词
(1
)缩首型,如:chute, copter, quake, phone, plane, burger,etc.
(2
)缩尾型,如:ad, auto, bike, exam, photo, expo, kilo, memo,porn, etc.
(3
)缩首缩尾型,如:flu, fridge, tec, etc.
(4
)缩腰型,如:fossilization
→fossilation, symbolology
→ symbology
2)首字母缩略词,如:
EEC
←European Economic Community
GMT
← Greenwich Mean Time
CAD
← computer assisted design
IDD
← international direct dial
H-bomb
← hydrogen bomb
GI Jane
← Government Issue Jane
3)首字母拼音词,如:
NATO
← the North AtlanticTreaty Organization
UNESCO
← the United Nations Education, Science andCulture Organization
4)拼缀词,如:
(1)前词词首+后词词尾
smoke + haze
→ smaze
(烟霾)
automobile + suicide
→ autocide
(撞车自杀)
boat + hotel
→ botel
(汽艇游客旅馆)
(2)前词原形+后词词尾
Lunar + astronaut
→ Lunarnaut
(登月宇航员)
work + welfare
→ workfare
(工作福利)
Nixon + economics
→ Nixonomics
(尼克松的经济政策)
(3
)前词词首+后词原形
medical + care
→ medicare(
医疗保健)
helicopter + pad
→ helipad
(直升飞机升降场)
psychological + warrior
→ psywarrior
(心理战专家)
(4
)前词词首+后词词首
psychological + warfare
→ psywar
(心理战)
American + Indian
→ Amerind
(美洲印第安人)
memorandum + conversation
→ memocon
(谈话记录)