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[下载] 由高考分析高三词汇复习的着眼点

由高考分析高三词汇复习的着眼点

一、        问题的提出
        近年来,对于语法内容的考核难度不断降低,学生答题的难点往往不是语法本身,而是对于题干的理解,所以词汇的巩固和强化其实扮演了重要的角色。而英语特级教师陈锡麟曾经指出,高考英语阅读失分点之一是单词量不够。华东师范大学英语系教授、对高考英语卷命题深有研究的舒运祥补充说,不少学生学习能力较差,平时学一个单词就记一个单词,往往忽视该单词的多种解释。学过的单词,一旦放在不同的语境中,经过上下文转意后,反而成了最熟悉的“拦路虎”。归跟结底,就是单词关没过。我们也知道,同学们在掌握了英语的基本语音和语法知识后,英语能力的提高在很大程度上取决于词汇的发展。由此可见,高三词汇复习的重要性是不言而喻的。
        可现状如何呢?常常听到高三的老师说;“真是没办法!学生高一,高二像没学过似的。现在高三了,做文章理解,很多词,学生都说不知道,没学过了。这学生还怎么教啊?!”也常常听到学生说“单词最麻烦了。老记不住。老忘记!最怕听写单词了!”的确,作为英语最基础的词汇,它不知道使多少老师和学生头疼。很多时候老师不辞辛苦的一次又一次的喊学生去听写单词,这样,老师和学生的精力都被单词给耗掉了很多。那么在学业任务最繁重,学习压力最大的高三,如何实施词汇复习则成了我关注的问题。

二、        近年高考试卷对词汇的考核方式
1.        语法词汇部分
        Michael Lewis在1993年出版的Lexical Approach:The state of ELT and the way forward一书中提出,语言是由语法化的词汇而不是词汇化的语法组成的;语法、词汇二分法是不成立的,因为大部分的语言是由很多“语块”组成的。以今年07年高考上海卷的语法题的题干来分析,就不难看到许多词法和习语的身影,如26题中的a reward of $5000,capture the tiger alive;30题中的high technology;31题中的attract so much media attention;32题中的came riding;35题中的wish you good luck;37题中的won several awards, beyond his wildest dream;39题中的refer to等等,如果学生对于这些表达不熟悉,解题自然会产生一定的困难。
        而历年的词汇题则是对词汇的一种直接考察。在下表中,我对00年以来秋季和春季高考上海卷的词汇部分,从“词义”、“辨析”、“词法”和“习语”四个考点方面作了一个分析:
秋考        题量        词义        辨析        词法        习语
07        4        4        —        —        —
06        4        4        —        —        —
05        4        4        —        —        —
04        10        8        2        —        —
03        10        7        1        2        —
02        10        4        2        —        4
01        10        4        1        2        3
00        15        6        6        1        2
春考        题量        词义        辨析        词法        习语
07        4        4        —        —        —
06        4        1        —        —        3
05        10        5        —        —        5
04        10        3        2        1        4
03        10        4        2        —        4
02        10        6        1        1        2
01        15        7        3        2        3
00        10        3        3        2        2

        从表中不难看出,高考词汇考核的重点越来越倾向“基本词义”的掌握,这和近年来英语教学一贯主张的“基础、常见、实用”的原则是完全吻合的。我们以05年英语卷又一次改革后三年的词汇41题进行说明,如下。
07年        At minus 1300C, a living cell can be _____ for a thousand years.
                A. spared                        B. protected                C. preserved                        D. developed
06年        You can see the stars on a clear night, but in the daytime they are _____.
                A. unavoidable        B. invisible                C. inaccessible                        D. unavailable
05年        There was such long queue for coffee at the interval that we _____ gave up.
                A. eventually           B. unfortunately        C. generously                D. purposefully
        这些题目,只需理解题干和四个选项的基本词义,就不难作出选择,分别为C, B和A。因为,这些词语并非近义词,只要把词义理解清楚了,区别就明显了。复习时重要的是确切掌握词义,不是过多地与其他词进行鉴别。例如:
ignore(不顾)– neglect(疏忽)                        reward(酬劳)– award(奖励)
expose(揭露)– reveal(泄露)                        mood(情绪)– temper(脾气)
isolate(隔离)– separate(分离)                        advice(劝说)– persuade(说服)
2.        完形阅读部分
                完形填空是介于单项选择与阅读理解之间的一种题型,在上海卷中分A,B两篇,共20个空,占20分,是测试理解,词汇,语法和习语的一种有效手段。语法项目的考查在近年的上海卷中已经逐渐淡出,侧重于上下文逻辑关系,词语和情境之间的相互联系的判断、分析。设空以语义空格为主,即要求填入名词、形容词、动词、副词、动名词、代词等实义词。可以利用词语的固定搭配设计,例如:
        These days, only a few people continue to take the story of Abominable Snowman ______.
        A. lightly                                B. jokingly                        C. seriously                        D. properly
        答案为C。“take…seriously”是固定搭配,意为“严肃对待,认真处理”。这类题其实就是对于“词法”的考核。
                也可以利用词语辨析设计,如2004年上海英语高考卷中第一篇:
……
In childhood, we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and 60 ourselves of poems such as “Twinkle, twinkle, little star” and childhood tales such as Cinderella or Snow White. We not only learn but 61 (overlearn).
……
60.        A. remind                        B. inform                                C. warn                                D. recall
本文介绍了overlearn(巩固)的优点。选项中所给的四个词词性相同或相近,如果脱离语境或只看句子的一部分,此类题可能会有两个或两个以上的正确答案,但若按语境分析,则只能有一个正确答案。这种题近年来所占比重在逐年扩大。如本题,其中A,B,C,三个选项都可以与介词of 搭配,但B项是“通知”,C项“警告”,D项“回忆”,只有A项“使记住”符合题意。此题其实考察了对于词汇基本意思的把握。
        在阅读部分的考核中一般也包含着一定量的词汇题,而这些词往往是学生理解的“绊脚石”,这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分五类:1.旧词新义,考查词汇表中未出现的词义;如:Nearby is the Indianapolis race course, where the nation’s most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.我们学过 course的意思是“过程,课程”等,在此显然不符句意。根据上下文 course是汽车赛举行的地方,可推断 course在该句是“车道”或“跑道”的意思。2.合成词、转化词与派生词,如shoplifting,heartbroken,computer-literate,decision-thinking,imperfect等;3.“灵活”的常用词增多,这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解;4.“新鲜”的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多,这些词有些带有一定的文化背景5.超纲生词。
3.        翻译写作部分
        翻译部分无外乎对词法、基本句型结构、基本句式以及一些从句的考核,就拿今年翻译部分的考题为例:
1.        他们的新房子离学校很远。(far)
2.        不在房间的时候别让灯开着。(when)
3.        我忘了提醒他面试的时间。(remind)
4.        各色阳伞给夏日街头平添了活泼的气氛。(add to)
5.        无论风雨多大、雨多急,警察一直坚守在岗位上。(no matter…)
6.        医生挨家挨户上门巡访,省去了许多老年人去医院的麻烦。(save)
参考译文
1.        Their new house is far from the school.
2.        Don’t leave the light on when you are not in the room.
3.        I forgot to remind him of the time for the interview.
4.        Colorful umbrellas add to a lively atmosphere in the summer streets.
5.        No matter how hard the rain falls and the wind blows, the police keep to their posts.
6.        Doctors’ door-to-door visits save many old people’s trouble of going to hospital.
        显然,动词leave,remind以及save的用法得到了考核,另外还考察了学生对be far from,add to这两个短语的掌握程度,同时还考了以no matter…引导的让步状语从句。
        而近年来成语和习语的表达也渐渐成为一种趋势。如04年英语高考卷的第五句翻译:“我发现很难与那些一贯固执己见的人合作。”一看这个句子,首先应该想到I find it difficult这样一个英语结构。另外纵观近五年来高考翻译,不难看到许多“成语”的身影,如03年的“坐失良机”(miss the good/golden chance/opportunity)“爱不释手”(can’t bear/stand parting with it / putting it down/aside / leaving it aside);04年的“三言两语”(in a few words)“固执己见”(stick to one’s own opinions);05年的“式样新颖”(fashionable/modern in style)、“携带方便”(convenient to carry)“刮目相看”(look at him differently/with new eyes / regarded him in a totally different light);06年的“心烦意乱”(upset);07年的“坚守岗位”(keep to one’s post)、“挨家挨户”(door to door)等。成语(谚语)除了注意平时的积累,在翻译前应吃透原文的意义,并将其转化成为普通语言的表达形式,再灵活地翻译成意义相对应的英语表达形式,去追逐“以成语对成语”是不现实的。
        至于写作,高考作文题的选材都是与学生日常生活息息相关的,以下为00年至今英语高考上海卷、上海春季高考作文话题一览表:

高考        话题
2000上海        难忘的一课
2001上海        轿车进入家庭
2001上海(春季)        志愿者
2002上海        家庭教育
2002上海(春季)        手机
2003上海        对买不起名牌的看法
2003上海(春季)        网吧现象
2004上海(春季)        为学生“松绑”
2004上海        班级墙报
2005上海        天生我才必有用
2006上海(春季)        描绘现有住房情况,设想未来美丽家园
2006上海        比较南北方两所大学的优劣势,作出选择
2007上海(春季)        写信“选择笔友”
2007上海        礼物

        因为贴近学生,所以学生都有话可说,关键是说得好不好。所以目前高考的要求更侧重于“较复杂结构或较高级词汇的应用”以及“语句间的连贯性”;当然高分作文的要素首先还是建立于语言的流畅,基本用词的正确上。
        综上所述,一张高考试卷对于学生词汇能力的考查是全方位的,而我们也不能忽略“听力”,通俗地讲,只有在听力的第三部分,学生被要求拼写指定的单词,这也是高三词汇复习中需要重视的。

三、        利用《高考词汇手册》落实词汇复习工作
1.        单元复习词法拼写
        自04年第二次担任高三的教学工作以来,我一直把上海市教育考试院发行的《高考词汇手册》(以下简称《手册》)作为教学重点。高三一开始,我就拿着当年的《手册》,以“选词填空”和“完成句子”两种形式共40题,帮助学生对词汇进行系统全面的梳理,并以ppt的形式,10页为一个单位,每天利用十分钟左右的时间进行讲解,原则上每周复习一个单元,并及时检测,一个学期完成。具体复习方式如下:
abroad, access, accompany, accuse, acquire, actual, adapt, address, adjust, admit, adopt, afford, alert, analysis, annual, appeal, apply, approach, argue, account
I. Complete the following sentences with the above words used only once.
1.        She ________ herself quickly to the new environment.
2.        Students must have ________ to a good library.
3.        The ability to use a language can be ________ only by the act of using the language.
4.        The idea of camping has never ________ (to me).
5.        I ________ that we needed a larger office.
(略)
        这一部分的练习着重对词法进行复习,完成句子以后学生可以归纳出adapt oneself to, have access to, acquire the ability to use a language, occur to sb以及I argue that等基本用法,而在此基础上,我会利用ppt对有些用法进一步展开,以达到全面复习的目的。譬如occur,往往还要讲到It occurred to sb that,并提醒同学注意双写。另外在讲解中,还要注意一批词义相似但用法各异的同义词,如:
His dictionary remained on his desk. (留下)
His dictionary was left on his desk.
The school offers the teachers all kinds of teaching aids.  (提供)
The school provides the teachers with all kinds of teaching aids.
They blamed her for neglecting her duty.                        (指责)
They accused her of neglecting her duty.
They charged her with neglecting her duty.
I’ll send you all the information related to the exam.        (与…….相关)
I’ll send you all the information concerning the exam.
He refused to help her.                (拒绝)
He rejected her present.

II. Complete the following sentences according to the clues given.
21.        Those professors want to have ___________(学术的) freedom.
22.        Refrigerators, washers and air-conditioners can all be called household ___________.(器具)
23.        We don’t have ___________(附加的)charges.
24.        Her ___________(冒险经历)in Africa are exciting.
25.        You have the ___________(抉择)of fighting or being taken prisoner.
(略)
        第二部分的练习侧重单词拼写以及一些习惯表达的识记,譬如例题涉及的academic freedom, household appliance, additional charges, adventures, the alternative of等。据上海中学特级教师朱震一23年的英语教学经验,以下的38个常用词字是同学们拼写错误率最高的。
accommodation, achievement, advertisement, analyze, ancient, appreciate, audience, available, beggar, beneficial, campaign, comparative, comprehension, conscience, convenience, deserve, discipline, disease, embarrass, energetic, enthusiastically, environment, fascinate, foreign, genius, government, height, medal, mental, occurred, permanent, psychology, schedule, separate, tradition, vehicle, Wednesday, January
        两部分的复习都以句子形式出现,目的让学生在语境中得到复习,可以拓宽和加深对其涵义的理解,对其运用也更有把握。

2.表格整理词义习语
        考虑到许多学生在记忆单词方面存在着一种不良习惯,即看到中文能说出甚至拼写出其相应的英文,但看到或听到英文时却不能准确说出其对应的中文。这种现象让许多孩子在阅读和听能的过程中对句子含义或者语篇内容的理解似是而非、含糊不清,故做题时屡屡失分;而这种习惯对翻译的影响或许就更大。例如06年的第六句:“这小孩太调皮,使得他那忙于工作的父母常常心烦意乱。”中的“心烦意乱”让许多学生乱了阵脚,而其实早在02年的《手册》p196上就有明确的注释:“upset  vt. 使心烦意乱;弄翻;打乱,打搅。”
又如有些词,由于词义一多,就很容易因为“只知其一,不知其二”而疏忽,造成阅读的失误。例如:
        The price is not an issue. (n.问题);The price has not been issued.(v.颁布)
        What a nice dress she is wearing. (n.女装);The family spent a lot of their income on dress.(n.外穿的服装,为不可数名词)
所以我指导学生以字母表顺序对“一词多义”和“习惯表达”进行归纳记忆。具体做法如下:
一词多义
        单词        其它意思
A               
1.        梗概        abstract n.        adj. 抽象的
2.        帐(目)        account n.        n. 陈述;理由;vi. 报帐,说明(原因等)
3.        法令        act n.        n. 行动;条例;幕;v. 行动;表演;做事
4.        略               
习惯表达
方便设施 accommodation;头头 chief;司空见惯的 everyday;见多识广的 informative;独一无二的 unique …..
        第一学期结束之时,学生有了新版的《手册》,我就要求学生利用寒假将两本词汇手册进行比对,找出增减的词汇,并对实词(动词为主,外加部分名词形容词)进行整理。二模考后,我主要强调了词汇的理解,尤其是“熟词生义”。

3.通过构词法来扩大词汇
阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。如:unforeseeable.这个词,可以根据构词法把它拆成un, fore, see , able;其中 see 是词根,fore是“先,前,预”的含义,un是否定,able是“能……的,可……的”,因此unforeseeable是“未能预见到的”意思。所以在整个词汇复习过程中,我都会提醒学生利用《手册》的附录对词缀进行整理,以达到词汇复习事半功倍的效果。

4.对单词进行分类记忆
        听力填词部分经常会出现“国名”“语言”“工种”“场所”“称谓”“时间”“颜色”类的单词,如03年出现的French,His brother;04年的Yellow, Wednesday, subway, engineer;05年的July, mechanic;06年的Tuesday, airport, Restaurant;07年的Friday, Italian, Food Hall等,因为都是一些常用词,很容易被学生忽略,所以在高考前,我指导学生就这些类别对《手册》再次整理,加强记忆。


        以上是我在高三词汇复习中摸索并且正在改进的几种方法,当然方法应该是多种多样的,但我相信,只要以学生为本,从学生的实际出发,让学生在提高词汇量的同时也提高他们综合运用语言的能力,都是应该值得借鉴和分享的。





参考资料
1.        舒运祥《五年高考试题透视》2002-2006 上海科技教育出版社2006年8月
2.        陈锡麟 “在句子中复习词语” “东方网大力神”高考讲座特辑2004年1月
3.        Michael Lewis Lexical Approach:The state of ELT and the way forward        1993年
4.        乔惠娟 “走出高中词汇教学的低效”  http://english.cersp.com/ketang/gaozhong/200704/1856.html
5.        陈锦梅 “高中词汇教学的思考与实践”  http://www.pep.com.cn:82/200503/ca659453.htm
6.        朱蝶梅 “高中英语词汇教学难点分析及对策”
        http://www.wtgz.net/rainbow/blog ... t.asp?diary_id=4949
7.        彭立波 “新课程下英语词汇教学的认识”         http://www.9116998.cn/jxlw/ShowA ... cleID=60&Page=1

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高中英语常见易混易错同义词辨析与精练

1. clothes, cloth, clothing
 clothes统指各种衣服,谓语动词永远是复数, cloth指布,为不可数名词 clothing 服装的总称,指一件衣服用a piece of, an article of
2. incident, accident
 incident指小事件, accident指不幸的事故He was killed in the accident.
3. amount, number
 amount后接不可数名词, number后接可数名词 a number of students
4. family, house, home
 home 家,包括住处和家人,house房子,住宅,family家庭成员. My family is a happy one.
5. sound, voice, noise
 sound自然界各种各样的声音,voice人的嗓音,noise噪音I hate the loud noise outside.
6. photo, picture, drawing
 photo用照相机拍摄的照片,picture可指相片,图片,电影片,drawing画的画
Let's go and see a good picture.
7. vocabulary, word
 vocabulary词汇,一个人拥有的单词量,word具体的单词He has a large vocabulary.
8. population, people
 population人口,人数,people具体的人 China has a large population.
9. weather, climate
 weather一天内具体的天气状况,climate长期的气候状况 The climate here is not good for you.
10. road, street, path, way
 road具体的公路,马路,street街道,path小路,小径,way道路,途径
 take this road; in the street, show me the way to the museum.
11. course, subject
 course课程(可包括多门科目),subject科目(具体的学科)a summer course
12. custom, habit
 custom传统风俗,习俗,也可指生活习惯,后接to do, habit生活习惯,习惯成自然,后接of doing. I've got the habit of drinking a lot.
13. cause, reason
 cause 指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因,后接of sth./doing sth,reason用来解释某种现象或结果的理由,后接for sth./doing sth. the reason for being late
14. exercise, exercises, practice
 exercise运动,锻炼(不可数),exercises练习(可数),practice(反复做的)练习
Practice makes perfect.
15. class, lesson
 作"课"解时,两者可以替换.指课文用lesson. 指班级或全体学生用class. lesson 6; class 5
16. speech, talk, lecture
 speech指在公共场所所做的经过准备的较正式的演说,talk日常生活中的一般的谈话,讲话,lecture学术性的演讲,讲课 a series of lecture on…
17. officer, official
 officer部队的军官,official政府官员 an army officer
18. work, job
 二者均指工作。work不可数,job可数 a good job
19. couple, pair
 couple主要指人或动物,pair多指由两部分组成的东西 a pair of trousers
20. country, nation, state, land
 country侧重指版图,疆域,nation指人民,国民,民族,state侧重指政府,政体,land国土,国家 The whole nation was sad at the news.
21. cook, cooker
 cook厨师,cooker厨具 He is a good cook.
22. damage, damages
 damage不可数名词, 损害,损失; damages复数形式, 赔偿金 $900 damages
23. police, policeman
 police警察的总称,后接复数谓语动词,policeman 指某个具体的警察 The police are questioning everyone in the house.
24. problem, question
 problem常和困难连系,前面的动词常为think about, solve, raise,question常和疑问连系,多和ask, answer连用
25. man, a man
 man人类,a man一个男人 Man will conquer nature.
26. chick, chicken
 二者均可指小鸡,chicken还可以当鸡肉 The chicken is delicious.
27. telegram, telegraph
 当电报解时,telegram指具体的,telegraph指抽象的 a telegram, by telegraph
28. trip, journey, travel, voyage
 travel是最常用的,trip指短期的旅途,journey指稍长的旅途,voyage指海上航行
a three-day trip
29. sport, game
 sport多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动,如打球,游泳,打猎,赛马等;game指决定胜负的游戏,通常有一套规则 His favorite sport is swimming.
30. price, prize
 price价格,prize奖,奖品,奖金 win the first prize The price is high/low.
31. a number of, the number of
 a number of许多,谓语动词用复数。the number of…的数目,谓语动词用单数。The number of students is increasing.
32. in front of, in the front of
 in front of范围外的前面,in the front of范围内的前面 In the front of the room sits a boy.
33. of the day, of a day
 of the day每一天的,当时的,当代的, of a day暂时的,不长久的 a famous scientist of the day
34. three of us, the three of us
 three of us我们(不止三个)中的三个,the three of us我们三个(就三个人)The three of us---Tom, Jack and I went to the cinema.
35. by bus, on the bus
 by bus表手段,方式,不用冠词,on the bus表范围 They went there by bus.
36. for a moment, for the moment
 for a moment 片刻,一会儿,for the moment暂时,一时 Thinking for a moment, he agreed.
37. next year, the next year
 next year将来时间状语,the next year过去将来时间状语
He said he would go abroad the next year.
38. more than a year, more than one year
 more than a year一年多,more than one year超过一年(两年或三年等)
39. take advice, take the(one's) advice
 take advice征求意见,take the advice接受忠告 He refused to take the advice and failed again.
40. take air, take the air
 take air传播,走漏,take the air到户外去,散步 We take the air every day.
41. in a word, in words
 in a word总之,一句话, in words口头上 In a word, you are right.
42. in place of, in the place of
 in place of代替,in the place of在…地方 A new building is built in the place of the old one.
43. in secret, in the secret
 in secret秘密地,暗自地,偷偷地,一般用作状语;in the secret知道内情,知道秘密,
一般用作表语 My mother was in the secret from the beginning.
44. a girl, one girl
 a girl可泛指所有女孩, one girl一个女孩 Can one girl carry such a big box?
45. take a chair, take the chair
 take a chair相当于sit down坐下,take the chair开始开会
46. go to sea, by sea, by the sea
 go to sea当海员,出航,by sea乘船,由海路, by the sea在海边 go by sea
47. the doctor and teacher, the doctor and the teacher
 the doctor and teacher指一个人,既是医生又是老师,the doctor and the teacher两个人,一个医生和一个老师 the doctor and teacher is
48. in office, in the office
 in office在职的,in the office在办公室里 He is in office, not out of office.
49. in bed, on the bed
 in bed卧在床上,on the bed在床上 The book is on the bed. He is ill in bed.

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高中英语常见易混易错同义词辨析与精练

1. clothes, cloth, clothing
 clothes统指各种衣服,谓语动词永远是复数, cloth指布,为不可数名词 clothing 服装的总称,指一件衣服用a piece of, an article of
2. incident, accident
 incident指小事件, accident指不幸的事故He was killed in the accident.
3. amount, number
 amount后接不可数名词, number后接可数名词 a number of students
4. family, house, home
 home 家,包括住处和家人,house房子,住宅,family家庭成员. My family is a happy one.
5. sound, voice, noise
 sound自然界各种各样的声音,voice人的嗓音,noise噪音I hate the loud noise outside.
6. photo, picture, drawing
 photo用照相机拍摄的照片,picture可指相片,图片,电影片,drawing画的画
Let's go and see a good picture.
7. vocabulary, word
 vocabulary词汇,一个人拥有的单词量,word具体的单词He has a large vocabulary.
8. population, people
 population人口,人数,people具体的人 China has a large population.
9. weather, climate
 weather一天内具体的天气状况,climate长期的气候状况 The climate here is not good for you.
10. road, street, path, way
 road具体的公路,马路,street街道,path小路,小径,way道路,途径
 take this road; in the street, show me the way to the museum.
11. course, subject
 course课程(可包括多门科目),subject科目(具体的学科)a summer course
12. custom, habit
 custom传统风俗,习俗,也可指生活习惯,后接to do, habit生活习惯,习惯成自然,后接of doing. I've got the habit of drinking a lot.
13. cause, reason
 cause 指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因,后接of sth./doing sth,reason用来解释某种现象或结果的理由,后接for sth./doing sth. the reason for being late
14. exercise, exercises, practice
 exercise运动,锻炼(不可数),exercises练习(可数),practice(反复做的)练习
Practice makes perfect.
15. class, lesson
 作"课"解时,两者可以替换.指课文用lesson. 指班级或全体学生用class. lesson 6; class 5
16. speech, talk, lecture
 speech指在公共场所所做的经过准备的较正式的演说,talk日常生活中的一般的谈话,讲话,lecture学术性的演讲,讲课 a series of lecture on…
17. officer, official
 officer部队的军官,official政府官员 an army officer
18. work, job
 二者均指工作。work不可数,job可数 a good job
19. couple, pair
 couple主要指人或动物,pair多指由两部分组成的东西 a pair of trousers
20. country, nation, state, land
 country侧重指版图,疆域,nation指人民,国民,民族,state侧重指政府,政体,land国土,国家 The whole nation was sad at the news.
21. cook, cooker
 cook厨师,cooker厨具 He is a good cook.
22. damage, damages
 damage不可数名词, 损害,损失; damages复数形式, 赔偿金 $900 damages
23. police, policeman
 police警察的总称,后接复数谓语动词,policeman 指某个具体的警察 The police are questioning everyone in the house.
24. problem, question
 problem常和困难连系,前面的动词常为think about, solve, raise,question常和疑问连系,多和ask, answer连用
25. man, a man
 man人类,a man一个男人 Man will conquer nature.
26. chick, chicken
 二者均可指小鸡,chicken还可以当鸡肉 The chicken is delicious.
27. telegram, telegraph
 当电报解时,telegram指具体的,telegraph指抽象的 a telegram, by telegraph
28. trip, journey, travel, voyage
 travel是最常用的,trip指短期的旅途,journey指稍长的旅途,voyage指海上航行
a three-day trip
29. sport, game
 sport多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动,如打球,游泳,打猎,赛马等;game指决定胜负的游戏,通常有一套规则 His favorite sport is swimming.
30. price, prize
 price价格,prize奖,奖品,奖金 win the first prize The price is high/low.
31. a number of, the number of
 a number of许多,谓语动词用复数。the number of…的数目,谓语动词用单数。The number of students is increasing.
32. in front of, in the front of
 in front of范围外的前面,in the front of范围内的前面 In the front of the room sits a boy.
33. of the day, of a day
 of the day每一天的,当时的,当代的, of a day暂时的,不长久的 a famous scientist of the day
34. three of us, the three of us
 three of us我们(不止三个)中的三个,the three of us我们三个(就三个人)The three of us---Tom, Jack and I went to the cinema.
35. by bus, on the bus
 by bus表手段,方式,不用冠词,on the bus表范围 They went there by bus.
36. for a moment, for the moment
 for a moment 片刻,一会儿,for the moment暂时,一时 Thinking for a moment, he agreed.
37. next year, the next year
 next year将来时间状语,the next year过去将来时间状语
He said he would go abroad the next year.
38. more than a year, more than one year
 more than a year一年多,more than one year超过一年(两年或三年等)
39. take advice, take the(one's) advice
 take advice征求意见,take the advice接受忠告 He refused to take the advice and failed again.
40. take air, take the air
 take air传播,走漏,take the air到户外去,散步 We take the air every day.
41. in a word, in words
 in a word总之,一句话, in words口头上 In a word, you are right.
42. in place of, in the place of
 in place of代替,in the place of在…地方 A new building is built in the place of the old one.
43. in secret, in the secret
 in secret秘密地,暗自地,偷偷地,一般用作状语;in the secret知道内情,知道秘密,
一般用作表语 My mother was in the secret from the beginning.
44. a girl, one girl
 a girl可泛指所有女孩, one girl一个女孩 Can one girl carry such a big box?
45. take a chair, take the chair
 take a chair相当于sit down坐下,take the chair开始开会
46. go to sea, by sea, by the sea
 go to sea当海员,出航,by sea乘船,由海路, by the sea在海边 go by sea
47. the doctor and teacher, the doctor and the teacher
 the doctor and teacher指一个人,既是医生又是老师,the doctor and the teacher两个人,一个医生和一个老师 the doctor and teacher is
48. in office, in the office
 in office在职的,in the office在办公室里 He is in office, not out of office.
49. in bed, on the bed
 in bed卧在床上,on the bed在床上 The book is on the bed. He is ill in bed.

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2008考研单词电子书

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